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Wednesday 22 April 2020

Difference Between Collection and Collections

Collection and collections in java

Difference between Collection and Collections

Difference between Collection and Collections

1). Collection is a root level Interface in Java Collection Framework or collection hierarchy. The Set, List and Queue are the some of the subInterfaces of Collection interface.

The important methods of Collection interface are add(), remove(), size(), clear() etc.

Collections is a utility class in java.util package which contains only static methods that operate on objects of type collection.

Collections class contains only static methods like sort(), min(), fill(), copy(), reverse() etc.

2). Before Java 8, interface was not allowed to contain static methods. collection is an Interface & interface can contain static methods since java 8 and Interface can also contain abstract methods and default methods.

But collections class contains only static methods.



3). Collection interface extends iterable interface

public interface Collections extends Iterable

and Collections class extends Object class

public class Collections extends Object



Similarities between Collection and Collections in Java



1). Both are part of the Java Collections Framework.

2). Both are present in java.util package

3). Both are added to jdk in java version 1.2





Example of Collections

import java.io.*;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.*;

public class ConsTest
{
public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException
{
ArrayList<Integer> alist = new ArrayList<Integer>();
alist.add(10);
alist.add(20);
alist.add(5);
alist.add(35);
alist.add(45);
System.out.println("maximum value" + " " + Collections.max(alist));
System.out.println("maximum value" + " " + Collections.min(alist));
ArrayList<String> list = new ArrayList<String>();
list.add("Chandan");
list.add("Chauhan");
list.add("Cha");
Collections.sort(list);
System.out.println("Sorted Strings" + " " + list);
Collections.sort(list, Collections.reverseOrder());
System.out.println("Reversed Strings" + " " + list);
ArrayList<String> slist = new ArrayList<String>(3);
slist.add("Chandan");
slist.add("Chauhan");
slist.add("Cha");
ArrayList<String> dlist = new ArrayList<String>(3);
dlist.add("a");
dlist.add("b");
dlist.add("c");
Collections.copy(dlist, slist);
System.out.println(dlist);
Collections.fill(dlist, "way2testing");
System.out.println(dlist);
}
}

Output :-

maximum value 45
maximum value 5
Sorted Strings [Cha, Chandan, Chauhan]
Reversed Strings [Chauhan, Chandan, Cha]
[Chandan, Chauhan, Cha]
[way2testing, way2testing, way2testing]



Collections in java:-
Any group of individual objects which are represented
as a single unit know as collection of objects.
Collection in java is a framework that provides an architecture to store and manipuate the group of objects.
Java collections can achieve all the operations that you perform on data like searching, sorting, insertion, manipuation etc.
"A collection represents a single unit of objects i.e. a group".
The collection interface (java.utill.Collection) and Map interface (java.util.Map) are two main "root" interface of java collection classes.

What is Framework :-
A framework is a set of classes and interfaces which provide a ready-made architecture.

List Inerface:-
It contains the index based methods to insert, update, delete and search the element.
It can have duplicate elements.
It can have null elements.

ArrayList :-
> ArrayList class implements the List Interface.
> It uses a dynamic array to store element
> It can store duplicate elements
> Arralist class maintain the insertion order and is non-synchronized.

Example :-
package com.test.practice;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.LinkedList;
import java.util.List;

public class Oopstutorial
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
ArrayList<Integer> al= new ArrayList<Integer>();
List<> al2= new LinkedList<Integer>();
al.add(20);
al.add(200);
al.add(40);
al.add(90);
al.add(15);
System.out.println("2nd position object " + al.get(1));
System.out.println("Array list" + al);
System.out.println("Maximum num is " + Collections.max(al));
al2.add(20);
al2.add(20);
al2.add(400);
al2.add(90);
al2.add(15);
System.out.println("linked list" + al2);
System.out.println("Maximum num is " + Collections.max(al2));
System.out.println("Minimum num is " + Collections.min(al));
ArrayList<String>sl = new ArrayList<String>();
sl.add("chandan");
sl.add("adhiraj");
sl.add("singh");
Collections.sort(sl);
System.out.println("sorted list is " + sl);
Collections.reverse(sl);
System.out.println("reversed list is " + sl);
Iterator<String> it = sl.iterator();
while(it.hasNext())
{
System.out.println(it.next());
}
}
}


Set Interface:-
Set Interface in java is present in java.util package
it extends the collection interface does not allow to store duplicate elements we can store at most one null value in set.

HashSet:-
Hashset class implements the Set Interface.
It represents the collection that uses a hash table for storage. It contains unique Items.

import java.util.Set;
import java.util.TreeSet;
public class Oopstutorial
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Set<String> s = new HashSet<String>();
Set<String>ts = new TreeSet<String>();
s.add("chandan");
s.add("adhiraj");
s.add("chandan");
s.add("chauhan");
System.out.println("Set elements are " +s);
ts.add("chandan");
ts.add("adhiraj");
ts.add("chandan");
ts.add("chauhan");
System.out.println("Treeset elements are" +ts); //Elements in treeset stored in ascending order
}
}

Map Interface :-
hashMap is a Map based collection class that is used for storing Key & Value(associated with keys).
1).It is donated as HashMap.
2).Hashmap contains only unique elements.
3).Hashmap may have only one null key and multiple null values
4). Hashmap maintains no order.

Example:-
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Set;
public class Oopstutorial
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Map< String, Integer > record = new HashMap< String, Integer >();
record.put("chandan", 30);
record.put("baji", 29);
record.put("adhiraj", 31);
System.out.println(record.get("chandan"));
Set<String> k = record.keySet();
for(String i : k)
{
System.out.println(i+ " "+record.get(i));
}
}
}

Output:-
baji 29
chandan 30
adhiraj 31
#Collection

Friday 10 April 2020

Static and Dynamic Testing






Topics

:- QA Vs QC

:- Verification V/s Validation

:- Static V/s Dynamic Testing

:- Review, Walkthrough & Inspection





QA V/s QC


:-QA is process related                       QC is the actual testing of the software

:-QA focuses on building in quality                        QC focuses on testing for quality

:-QA is preventing defects                        QC is detecting defects

:-QA is process Oriented                        QC is product Oriented.

:-QA is for entire life Cycle                        QC is for testing part in SDLC

:-QA focuses on building quality                       QC focuses on testing for quality and hence detecting defects

and hence preventing defects

:-Quality Assurance makes sure                        Quality control makes sure the results of what you done you are doing the right things, are what you expected.

the right way. fit for purpose & right first time                     to achieve Reliability, maintainability & safety



Verification V/s Validation




Verification checks whether we are building the right system

Verification is a process of finding out the product being developed the right way?

Verification typically involves

:-Review

:-Walkthroughs

:-Inspections

:- Buddy Check

Validation checks whether we are building the System Right

Validation is a process of finding out if the product being developed is right?

-- Generally Takes place after verification are completed

-- Validation typically involves actual Testing Like System Testing.



Reviews :-

Conducts on documents to ensure correctness and completeness.

Examples :-

:- :- Requirement Reviews

:- :- Design Reviews

:- :- Code Reviews

:- :- Test Plan Reviews

:- :- Test Cases Reviews etc.





Phases of Review :-

:- :- Planning

:- :- Kick-off

:- :- Preparartion

:- :- Review Meeting

:- :- Rework

:- :- follow up





Walkthroughs :-

:- :- It is a formal review and we can discuss/raise the issue at peer level.

:- :- Also walthrough does not have minutes of the meeting/meet. It can happen at any time and conduct just like that no schedule as such.




Inspections :-

:- :- It is a formal approach to the requirements schedule.

:- :- At lest 3-6 people will sit in the meeting 1-reader 2- writer 3- moderator plus concerned.

:- :- Inspection will have a proper schedule which will be intimated via email to the concerned developer/Tester.





Buddy Check :-

One person goes through the documents prepared by another person in order to find out if that person has made mistakes i.e. to find out bugs which the author couldn't find previously.





Static V/s Dynamic Testing



:- Static testing is an approach to test project documents in the form of

:- :- Reviews

:- :- Walkthroughs

:- :- Inspections





Dynamic Testing is an approach to the actual Software by giving inputs & performing operation and observing results.





Wednesday 1 April 2020

Drag and Drop Test






Drag and Drop

Drag the image back and forth between the two div elements.